From: [c b siren] at [hopper.unh.edu] (Christopher B. Siren) Newsgroups: alt.mythology,alt.answers,news.answers Subject: alt.mythology Hittite/Hurrian Mythology REF, ver. 1.1 Followup-To: alt.mythology Date: 4 Oct 1996 13:21:26 GMT Expires: Fri, 5 December 1996 00:00:00 GMT Summary: This posting contains a description of the pantheon, and history of the Hittites, who drew heavily upon the pantheon of their neighbors the Hurrians. These peoples lived primarily in the central and eastern portions of Anatolia during the second millenium B.C. Archive-name: mythology/hittite-ref Posting-Frequency: Last-modified: 1996/3/14 Version: 1.1 URL: http://pubpages.unh.edu/~cbsiren/hittite-ref.html Hittite/Hurrian Mythology REF 1.1 by Christopher B. Siren last modified Mar. 14th, 1996 - fixed a bunch of misprints discovered while editing the hypertext version. I. Who were the 'Hittites'? II. What Deities did they worship? A. Hittite and Hurrian deities. B. Akkadian Imports. C. Demons. III. What was the Hittite cosmology and how did they perceive the structure of the universe? IV. Source material. V. Other material of interest I. Who were the 'Hittites'? During the second millennium B.C. the Indo-European people known as the Hittites ruled over the 'Land of Hatti', in central and eastern Anatolia, that peninsula which is modern Turkey. They had displaced the previous occupants, the non-Indo-European Hattians, and ruled from the city of Hattusas near the modern Boghazkoy in northern central Turkey, possibly as early as 1900 B.C. Much of the Cappadocian plateau was under their control through satellite kingdoms before 1800 B.C. and they enjoyed a thriving trade with the Assyrians. Around 1800 B.C. Anittas and his father Pitkhanas of Kussara sacked several Hittite cities, including Hattusas, though Anittas laid a curse upon that city and trade broke off until the founding of the Old Kingdom under King Labarnas around 1680 B.C. He and his descendents greatly expanded the region of Hittite control, crossing the Taurus mountains and waging war on Syria and Assyria. King Mursilis (~1620-1590 B.C.), Labarnas' grandson by adoption, brought down the Old Kingdom of Babylon - Hamurabi's dynasty. This expanded realm, also stretching to Anatolia's west coast, proved to susceptible to internal power struggles. In 1525 B.C., Telepinus, last king of the Old Kingdom seized control and sacrificed some of the Western districts and all of the territory east of the Taurus mountains in favor of a more easily managed kingdom. The Hurrians occupied the land between the Hittites and Assyria, having descended from the mountains south of the Caspian Sea. They ruled the kingdom of Mitanni. In the late 15th century B.C. the Hittite empire's beginning is marked by an influx of Hurrian names into the royal family. Tudhalyas I (1420 B.C.) reunited Western Anatolia under Hittite rule, and retook Allepo but lost the Black Sea coast to the Kaska tribes. After some difficulty with the Mittani the Hittites resurged under King Suppilulimas around 1344-1322 taking a firmer hold on Syria. With Egypt, they dominated the lands of Canaan and the Levant during the 1200's. Their prosperity came to a sudden end when the invasion of the Sea Peoples coincided with increasing trouble from the Kaskas. While Hittite culture continued through about 700 B.C., the Empire was shattered into several kingdoms and pressures such as the growing Assyrian Empire helped keep it from uniting again. The Hittites were a patriarchal, highly agricultural society. They had rich iron deposits which they mined and traded with the Assyrians. They also used it for weaponry and were rather successful in the use of a three-man chariot. Through trade and conquest the languages and cultures of their neighbors seeped into Hittite society. Babylonian and Hurrian deities were worshiped along-side or assimilated with the native Hittite deities. This merging of cultures and free use of foreign languages is rather fortuitous. Parallel Hittite and Akkadian treaties and similar texts helped in cracking the Hittite hieroglyphic code. Unfortunately, while the ability to translate Hittite hieroglyphics has improved, the pronunciation of several Hittite ideograms, and hence their transcription into English, remains elusive. Often, as in the case with the Storm-god, we must resort to a descriptive name, or else use the appropriate Hurrian or Akkadian name. II. What Deities did they worship? The Hittites had an abundant number of local cult deities and sets of local pantheons. As the government became more centralized, particularly during the imperial period around 1400 - 1200 B.C., there were efforts to equate many of these local deities and form a state pantheon. Such a pantheon was headed by the Weather-god/Storm-god, who also represented the mountains, and his consort - usually the earth goddess, who was also attached to the waters of rivers and the sea. The Hittites themselves write of 'the thousand gods of Hatti', and more than eight-hundred such names have been discovered. (Considerably fewer will be dealt with here.) The associated myths have both Hittite and Hurrian content, with the origin of many suspected to be Hurrian. There also exist fragments of a Hittite version of the Gilgamesh epic and many Akkadian deities are worshiped outright. Doubtless the Hatti left their mark in Hittite religion as well. You will notice that many of the names carry an optional 's' as a suffix, which comes from the nominative case ending for Hittite. A. Hittite and Hurrian deities. Alalu(s) - was king in heaven in olden days and Anus was the first among the gods. Anus served as his cupbearer for 9 years before defeating him and dispatched him to under the earth. Anu(s) (Akkadian in origin) - while Alalus was king in heaven, Anus was more powerful. He served as Alalus' cup bearer for nine years and then defeated him, dispatching him to under the earth. He took his seat on the thrown and had Kumarbis as his cupbearer. Likewise, after nine years Kumarbis rebelled, chased Anus - who fled in the sky like a bird, and bit off and swallowed his phallus. In this act Anus had some revenge by impregnating Kumarbis with the Storm-god, the Aranzahus (Tigris) river, and Tasmisus. He then hides himself in heaven. He advises the Storm-god on the places where he might exit Kumarbis. After the Storm-god's birth, they plot to destroy Kumarbis and, with his other children, apparently succeed. Kumarbi(s) - 'the father of all gods' according to the Hurrians. He is sometimes equated with Enlil and Dagan. His city is Urkis. He thinks wise thoughts and carries a staff. He served as Anus' cup-bearer for nine years and then rebelled, chased Anus, and bit off and swallowed his phallus, thereby becoming impregnated with the Storm-god, the Aranzahus (Tigris) river, and Tasmisus. With that news, he spat out Aranzahus and Tasmisus of on Mount Kanzuras. The Storm-god begins to exit through Kumarbis' 'tarnassus', causing him to moan in pain. He asks Ayas to give him his son to devour, which he does. Ayas has 'poor' magic worked on him and his 'tarnassus' is secured, so the Storm-god exits through his 'good place' instead. He is then presumably defeated by the Storm-god, Anus, and his offspring. During a plot to overthrow the Storm-god, he lay with a Rock as if it were a woman. He instructs Imbaluris, his messenger to send a message to the Sea, that Kumarbis should remain father of the gods. The Sea hosts a feast for him and later Kumarbis' Rock gives birth to Ullikummis. Kumarbis announces that his son will defeat the Storm-god, his city Kummiya, his brother Tasmisus and the gods from the sky. He charges Imbaluris to seek out the Irsirra deities to hide Ullikummis from the Sun-god, the Storm-god, and Ishtar. Imbaluris - Kumarbis' messenger. He is sent to warn the Sea that Kumarbis' must remain the father of the gods. Mukisanus - Kumarbis' vizier Hannahannas (Nintu, Mah) - the mother of all the gods. She is associated with Gulses. After Telepinus disappears, the Storm-god complains to her. She sends him to search himself and when he gives up, she dispatches a bee, charging it to purify the god by stinging his hands and feat and wiping his eyes and feet with wax. Upelluri (Ubelluris) - similar to Atlas, this giant carries the world on his shoulders. The olden gods built the earth and heaven upon him - though he did not notice, even when they those two were separated with a cleaver. On the direction of Kumarbis' messenger Imaluris, the Issira deities place Ullikummis on his right shoulder where the child grows. Ea interviews him, in search of Ullikummis and Upelluri admits to a small pain on his shoulder, although he can't identify which god is causing it. Storm/Weather-god (Hurrian's Teshub, Taru, Luwian's Tarhun(t) - 'The Conqueror'), 'The king of Kummiya', 'King of Heaven, Lord of the land of Hatti'. He is chief among the gods and his symbol is the bull. As Teshub he has been pictured as a bearded man astride two mountains and bearing a club. He is a god of battle and victory, especially when the battle is with a foreign power. As Taru, he is the consort of Wurusemu. - He was the child of Anus and Kumarbis - conceived along with Tasmisus and the Aranzahus (Tigris) river when Kumarbis bit off and swallowed Anus' phallus. He is, however, considered Ea's son in the myth of Ullikummis. He is informed by Anus of the possible exits from Kumarbis, and tries to exit through Kumarbis' 'tarnassas', causing him great pain. With the 'tarnassas' blocked, he exits through Kumarbis' 'good place'. He plots with Anus, Tasmisus, and Aranzhus to destroy Kumarbis, and apparently succeeds seizing kingship in heaven. He sent rain after the fallen Moon-god/Kashku when he fell from heaven. Alerted to the imminent arrival of the Sun-god, he has Tasmisus prepare a meal for their guest and listens to his report about the sudden appearance of the giant Ullikummis. He and Tasmisus then leave the kuntarra and are led to Mount Hazzi by his sister, Ishtar, where they behold the monstrous creature. He looks upon Kumarbis' son with fear and Ishtar chides him. Later, emboldened, he has Tasmisus prepare his bulls and wagon for battle, and has him call out the thunderstorms, lightning and rains. Their first battle resulted in his incomplete defeat. He dispatches Tasmisus to his wife, Hebat, to tell her that he must remain in a 'lowly place' for a term. When Tasmisus returns, he encourages the Storm-god to seek Ea in the city Abzu/Apsu and ask for the 'tablets with the words of fate' (Tablets of Destiny? 'me'?). After Ea cleaves off Ullukummis' feet, he spurs Tasmisus and the Storm-god on to battle the crippled giant. Despite the diorite man's boasting, the Storm-god presumably defeats him. He fought with the Dragon Illuyankas in Kiskilussa and was defeated. He called the gods for aid asking that Inaras prepare a celebration. She does so and when the dragon and his children have gorged themselves on her feast, the mortal Hupasiyas binds him with a rope. Then the Storm-god, accompanied by the gods, sets upon them and destroys them. In another version of that myth, he looses his eyes and heart to Illuyankas after his first battle. He then marries a poor mortal woman and marries their son to Illuyankas daughter. He has the son ask for his eyes and heart. With their return, he attacks the dragon again. When his son sides with Illuyankas, the Storm-god kills them both. When his son, Telepinus, is missing he despairs and complains to the Sun-god and then to Hannahannas, who tells him to search for him himself. After searching Telepinus' city he gives up. In another version of this myth, it is the Storm-god who is missing. Seris (Serisu) - a bull sacred to the Storm-god. In preparation for battle, the Storm-god has Tasmisus anoint his horns with oil and drive him up Mount Imgarra with Tella and the battle wagon. Tella (Hurris) - another bull sacred to the Storm-god. In preparation for battle, the Storm-god has Tasmisus plate his tail with gold and drive him up Mount Imgarra with Seris and the battle wagon. Aranzahas - The Tigris river deified. A child of Anus and Kumarbis, he was the brother of the Storm-god and Tasmisus, spat out of Kumarbis' mouth onto Mount Kanzuras. Later he colludes with Anus and the Storm-god to destroy Kumarbis. Tasmisus - A child of Anus and Kumarbis, conceived along with the Storm-god and Aranzahus. The brother of the Storm-god and Aranzahus, he was spat out of Kumarbis upon Mount Kanzuras. Later he colludes with Anus and the Storm-god to destroy Kumarbis. He serves as the Storm-god's attendant. He spies the Sun-god approaching and informs the Storm-god that this visit bodes ill. At the Storm-god's command he has a meal set up for their visitor. After the Sun-god's tale, he and the Storm-god depart and are met by Ishtar, who takes them to Mt. Hazzi near Ugarit, where they can see Ullikummis. The Storm-god has him take his bulls up Mt. Imgarra and prepare them for battle. He is also ordered to bring forth the storms, rains, winds, and lightning. After their defeat, he is dispatched by the Storm-god to Hebat, to tell her that he must remain in a 'lowly place' for a term. He returns and encourages the Storm-god to seek Ea in the city Abzu/Apsu and ask for the 'tablets with the words of fate' (Tablets of Destiny? 'me'?). After Ea cleaves off Ullukummis' feet, he spurs Tasmisus and the Storm-god on to battle the crippled giant. Suwaliyattas - a warrior god and probably the brother of the Storm-god. (Hurrian Hebat, Hepit, Hepatu) - The matronly wife of the Storm-god. She is sometimes found standing on her sacred animal, the lion. After the Storm-god and Astabis' failed attacks on Ullikummis, the giant forced her out of her temple, causing her to lose communication with the gods. She frets that Ullikummis may have defeated her husband and expresses her concern to her servant Takitis, charging him to convene the assembly of the gods and bring back word of her husband. Presumably she is brought word of his defeat. Tasmisus visits her in the high watchtower, telling her that the Storm-god is consigned to a 'lowly place' for a length of time. She is the mother of Sharruma. Wurusemu, 'Sun Goddess of Arrina', 'mistress of the Hatti lands, the queen of heaven and earth', 'mistress of the kings and queens of Hatti, directing the government of the King and Queen of Hatti' - this goddess is later assimilated with Hebat. She made the cedar land. She is the primary goddess in Arrina, with Taru as her consort. She is a goddess of battle and is associated with Hittite military victory. She is the mother of the Storm-god of Nerik. (Hurrian Sharruma), 'the calf of Teshub' - The son of Teshub and Hebat, this god is symbolized by a pair of human legs. He is later identified with the Weather-god of Nerik and Zippalanda. Takitis - Hebat's servant. After Hebat was driven from her temple he is told of her concern for her husband and charged with convening the assembly of the gods and returning with word of her husband's fate. Mezzullas - daughter of the Storm-god and the Sun-goddess of Arinna. She has influence with her parents. Zintuhis - granddaughter of the Storm-god and the Sun-goddess of Arinna. Telepinu(s) 'the noble god' - an agricultural god, he is the son of the Storm-god. He 'harrows and plows. He irrigates the fields and makes the crops grow.' (Gurney p. 113) He flies into a rage and storms off, loosing himself in the steppe and becoming overcome with fatigue. With his departure, fertility of the land, crops and herds disappears and famine besets man and god. Hannahannas' bee finds him, stings his hands and feet, and wipes his eyes and feet with wax, purifying him. This further infuriates him, and he wrecks further havoc with the rivers and by shattering houses and windows. Eventually, the evil and malice is removed through magic by Kamrusepas. Telepinus returns home, restoring fertility and tending to the life and vitality of the royal family. His prosperity and fertility is symbolized by a pole suspending the fleece of a sheep. In other versions of this myth, the Storm-god or the Sun-god and several other gods are missing instead. Ullikummi(s), the diorite man - born of Kumarbis and the Rock. This god is made entirely of diorite. He was born to be used as a weapon to defeat the Storm-god and his allies. Kumarbis had him delivered to the Irsirra deities to keep him hidden from the Storm-god, the Sun-god, and Ishtar. After the Irsirra deities presented him to Ellil, they placed him on the shoulder of Upelluri where he grows an acre in a month. After fifteen days he grows enough so that he stands waist deep in the sea when the Sun-god and he notice each other. Alerted by the Sun-god, the Storm-god eventually prepares for battle atop Mount Imgarra, yet their first battle results in an incomplete victory. He drives Hebat from her temple, cutting off her communication with the other gods. Astabis leads seventy gods on attack against him, attempting to draw up the water from around him, perhaps in order to stop his growth. They fall into the sea and he grows to be 9000 leagues tall and around, shaking the heavens, the earth, pushing up the sky, and towering over Kummiya. Ea locates him and cuts off his feet with the copper knife that separated the heaven from the earth. Despite his wounds he boasts to the Storm-god that he will take the kingship of heaven. Presumably, he is none-the-less defeated. Sun-god (of Heaven) - Probably an Akkadian import, this god one of justice and is sometimes the king of all gods. An ally of the Storm-god, he notices the giant Ullikummis in the sea and visited the Storm-god, refusing to eat until he reports his news. After he has done so, the Storm-god proclaims that the food on the table shall become pleasant, which it does, and so the Sun-god enjoys his meal and returns to his route in heaven. When Telepinus disappears, bringing a famine, he arranges a feast, but it is ineffective in assuaging their hunger. At the Storm-god's complaint, he dispatches an eagle to search for the god, but the bird is unsuccessful. After the bee discovers Telepinus, he has man perform a ritual. In another version of the missing god myth, he is one of the missing gods. He keeps several sheep. At the end of the day, he travels through the nether-world. Hapantallis - the Sun-god's shepherd. Moon-god (Hurrian Kashku) - fell upon the 'killamar'; from heaven and disappeared. Storm-god/Taru rain-stormed after him, frightening him. While known to bestow ill omens, he can be appeased by sheep sacrifice. The Sea - She is told by Imbaluris that 'Kumarbis must remain father of the gods!'. Struck with fear by this message, she makes ready here abode and prepares to act as hostess for a feast for Kumarbis. This feast may have served as a meeting of Mother-goddesses who delivered Kumarbis' child by the Rock, Ullikummis. Inaras - after the Storm-god's initial defeat by Illuyankas, she follows his request to set up a feast. She takes a mortal lover Hupasiayas of Zigaratta and then sets about luring Illuyankas and his children to a feast. After the dragon and his children gorge themselves on her meal, Hupasiayas binds him with a rope. Then the Storm-god sets upon them and defeats them. She then gives Hupasiayas a house on a cliff to live in yet warns him not to look out the window, lest he see his wife and children. He disobeys her, and seeing his family begs to be allowed to go home. Gurney speculates that he was killed for his disobedience. Illuyankas - the Dragon. He defeated the Storm-god in Kiskilussa. Later he was lured from his lair with his children by a well dressed Inaras with a feast. After they were too engorged to get into their lair again, the Storm-god, accompanied by the other gods, killed him. In another version of the myth, he defeated the Storm-god and stole his eyes and heart. Later, his daughter married the son of the Storm-god. Acting on the Storm-god's instruction, his son asked for the eyes and heart. When these were returned to him, the Storm-god vanquished Illuyankas, but slew his son as well when the youth sided with the dragon. The ritual of his defeat was invoked every spring to symbolize the earth's rebirth. Hedammu - a serpent who loved Ishtar. Irsirra deities - These gods who live in the dark earth are charged by Kumarbis through Imbaluris to hide Ullikummis from the sky gods, the Sun-god, the Storm-god, and Ishtar. They are also charged with placing the child on the shoulder of Upelluri. Later they accept the child and deliver it to Ellil, before placing it on Upelluri's right shoulder. Hapantalliyas/Hapantalli - took his place at the Moon-god's side when he fell from heaven on the 'kilammar'. Kamrusepas/Katahziwuri - witnessed and announced the Moon-god's fall from heaven on to the 'kilammar'. She is the goddess of magic and healing. After Telepinus has been found, yet remains angry, she is set to cure him of his temper. She performs an elaborate magical ritual, removing his evil and malice. Astabis (Zamama, Akkadian Ninurta) - a Hurrian warrior god. After the Storm-god's first attack on Ullikummis is unsuccessful, he leads seventy gods in battle wagons on an attack on the diorite giant. They try to draw the water away from him, perhaps in order to stop his growth, but they fall from the sky and Ullikummis grows even larger, towering over the gate of Kummiya. Uliliyassis - a minor god who, properly attended to, removes impotence. Kurunta? - This god's symbol is the stag. He is associated with rural areas. Kubaba - chief goddess of the Neo-Hittites, she became Cybebe to the Phrygians and Cybele to the Romans. Yarris - a god of pestilence. A festival was held for him every autumn. Hasamelis - a god who can protect traveler, possibly by causing them to be invisible. B. Akkadian Imports: Anu - See section A. Antu - Anu's female counterpart, imported to the Hitties through the Hurrians. Ellil - He is presented with Ullikummis by the Irsirra deities and declares that the child will bring the mightiest battles and an awesome rival to the Storm-god. Later, Ea and presumably the Storm-god present before him a case against Kumarbis' for his creation of Ullikummis. He counters with Kumarbis' good record of worship and sacrifice and is in turn countered with Ea's testimony describing Ullikummis. Ninlil - Ellil's wife. She was imported by way of the Hurrians. Lelwanis (Lilwani, Ereshkigal, sometimes assimilated with Ishtar), 'Sun of the Earth' - Goddess of the earth and the nether-world, appeasement of her through sheep sacrifices helps remove threats from evil omens. Ayas (Ea) - He is the keeper of the 'old tablets with the words of fate' (Tablets of Destiny? 'me'?). The Ullikummis' myth has him as the father of the Storm-god. He attends Kumarbis and fetches that god's son to be devoured as a means of releaving Kumarbis pains from the Storm-god. He advises Kumarbis to have experts work 'poor' magic to aid him in his distress, bringing bulls and sacrifices of meal. This magic helps secure Kumarbis' 'tarnassus'. He is prevailed upon by the Storm-god following his defeat by Ullikummis. He and presumably the Storm-god present a case against Kumarbis' for his creation of Ullikummis before Ellil. Rebutting Ellil's defense that Kumarbis is well behaved regarding worship and sacrifices, Ea proclaims that Ullikummis 'will block off heaven and the gods holy houses.' He seeks out Upelluri, and after interviewing him, locates Ullukummis feet on Upelluri's shoulder. He charges the olden gods to deliver the copper knife with which they severed heaven from earth, in order to cut through Ullukummis' feet. He then spurs Tasmisus and the Storm-god on to fight the crippled giant. (Hurrian Tapkina, Damkina) - Ea's wife, imported from the Akkadians by way of the Hurrians. (Hurrian Shaushka, Ishtar) - She takes the form of a winged female standing on a lion. She spies her brothers, the Storm-god and Tasmisus, leaving the kuntarra following word of the appearance of Ullikummis. She leads them by hand, up Mount Hazzi, from which they can view the giant. When the Storm-god is vexed and fearful at the site of Kumarbis' son, she chides him. Later, she takes up her galgalturi/harp and sings to the blind and deaf Ullikummis, but her folly is exposed to her by a great wave from the sea, who charges her to seek out her brother who is yet to be emboldened to the inevitable battle. She was loved by the serpent Hedammu. Ninatta - Shaushka's attendant. Kulitta - Shaushka's attendant. C. Demons Various rituals were performed to call upon demons for protection or to drive away baneful deities summoned by sorcerers. Alauwaimis - properly propitiated with ritual, libation, and goat sacrifice, this demon drives away evil sickness. Tarpatassis - properly propitiated with ritual and the sacrifice of a buck, this demon staves off sickness and grants long, healthy life. III. Cosmology and the structure of the universe. I haven't found as much about this as I would like: The olden gods built heaven and earth upon Upelluri. They had a copper knife which they used to cleave the heaven from the earth, after which they stored it in ancient storehouses and sealed them up - only to open them and retrieve it for use on Ullikummis. Kuntarra house - the house of the gods in heaven. IV. Source material: Goetze, Albrecht "Hittite Myths, Epics, and Legends", _Ancient_Near_East_Texts_Relating_to_the_Old_Testament_, ed. James Pritchard, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1955. This has been my primary source for the texts of the Hittite myths and prayers. Gurney, O. R. _The_Hittites_, Penguin Books, New York, 1990. Gurney's work is a solid overview of Hittite history, culture, religion, and mythology. S.H.Hooke _Middle_Eastern_Mythology_ , Penguin Books, New York,1963. Hooke takes a comparative and summary approach to Sumerian, Babylonian, Canaanite, Hittite, and Hebrew mythological material. Laroche, Emmanuel, articles within _Mythologies_Volume_One_, Bonnefoy, Yves (compiler), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1991. This handful of topically focused articles provides depth in some areas of Hittite and Hurrian religion but lacks an overall picture as Bonnefoy's work was designed for an encyclopedic format. V. Other material of interest. Hoffner, Harry A. _Hittite_Myths_, Scholars Press, Atlanta, Georgia, 1990. Intended to be a more idiomatic translation, Hoffner's work also includes some material more recent than Goetz.